STATES OF MATTER

 WELCOME TO LECTURE NO. 1 BY SHEETAL CHOPRA CLASSES

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STATES OF MATTER 

MATTER EXIST IN THREE DIFFERENT STATES- SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS. 

THESE DIFFERENCES ARISE DUE TO VARIATIONS IN CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES. IT CAN BE THE RESULT OF INTERMOLECULAR SPACES AND FORCES. THE DETAILS WILL BE SHARED IN FOLLOWED CHAPTER

1. SOLID STATE : 

• SOLIDS HAVE FIXED SHAPE, DISTINCT BOUNDARIES, FIXED VOLUME AND NEGLIGIBLE COMPRESSIBILITY. 

• SOLIDS CAN MAINTAIN THEIR SHAPE WHEN SUBJECTED TO EXTERNAL FORCE, THEY MAY GET BREAK BUT THEY DO NOT CHANGE THEIR SHAPE HENCE THEY ARE RIGID IN NATURE.

• IN CASE OF SUGAR AND SALT, WHEN KEPT IN HAND OR A JAR, THE SHAPE REMAINS SAME AND WON'T CHANGE. 

• SOLIDS ALSO POSSESS ELASTIC PROPERTY, IN CASE OF RUBBER BAND IT CHANGES ITS SHAPE ON STRETCHING AND REGAIN ITS SHAPE WHEN THE FORCE IS REMOVED. 

• SOLIDS ARE NON COMPRESSIBLE, IN CASE OF SPONGE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF MINUTE PORES, AIR GETS TRAPPED INTO THE HOLES HENCE ON COMPRESSING THE AIR GET SQUEEZED OUT. 

• SPONGE IS STILL CONSIDERED AS SOLID DUE TO ITS FIXED SHAPE AND VOLUME EVEN AFTER COMPRESSIBILITY

2. LIQUID STATE: 

• LIQUIDS NEITHER HAVE FIXED VOLUME NOR FIXED SHAPE. THEY TAKE UP THE SHAPE OF THE CONTAINER IN WHICH THEY ARE KEPT. 

• THEY FLOW EASILY FROM ONE CONTAINER TO ANOTHER HENCE THEY ARE NOT RIGID BUT ARE TERMED AS FLUIDS. 

• LIQUIDS CAN DIFFUSE ALSO, IN CASE OF SALT/ SUGAR SOLUTION SALT(SOLID) IN NATURE DIFFUSES EASILY IN WATER(LIQUID) AND CANNOT BE SEPARATED

• LIQUIDS CAN ALSO DIFFUSE EASILY WITH AIR, IN CASE OF PONDS/RIVERS O2 MOLECULES ARE DIFFUSED INTO WATER. THIS DIFFUSED O2 IS THEN TAKEN BY AQUATIC ANIMALS DURING BREATHING. 

• THE RATE OF DIFFUSION IS HIGHER IN LIQUIDS THAN SOLIDS DUE TO MORE INTERMOLECULAR SPACES INSIDE LIQUIDS. 

• THE RATE OF DIFFUSION CAN BE UNDERSTOOD BY MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES FROM HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO LOWER CONCENTRATION IN A PARTICULAR TIME. 

3. GASEOUS STATE: 

• GASEOUS STATE POSSESSES HIGH LEVEL OF COMPRESSIBILITY, AND DO NOT POSSESS FIXED SHAPE AND VOLUME.  

• FOR E.G ADD GAS, WATER AND WOODEN BLOCK INTO THREE SYRINGES , TRY TO COMPRESS THE THREE SYRINGES WITH PISTON. YOU WILL OBSERVE GAS WILL COMPRESS EASILY AND FASTEST THAN ALL THE TWO. FOLLOWED BY WATER AND BLOCK.

• THE RATE OF COMPRESSIBILITY IS HIGHER DUE TO WEAKEST INTERMOLECULAR FORCES BETWEEN GASEOUS PARTICLES. 

• DUE TO ITS HIGHER COMPRESSIBILITY, LARGE VOLUMES CAN BE COMPRESSED INTO SMALL CYLINDERS AND CAN BE TRANSPORTED EASILY. LPG/CNG/OXYGEN CYLINDERS ARE THE EXAMPLE OF COMPRESSIBILITY.

• THE RATE OF DIFFUSION IS HIGHEST IN CASE OF GASES THEN LIQUID/SOLID. FOR E.G HOT COOKED MEAL SMELL REACHES FAST AND EASILY TO OTHERS BECAUSE HOT MOLECULES ARE LIGHT IN WEIGHT AND GET EASILY RISEN UP IN THE AIR, DUE TO WEAK INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LARGE INTERMOLECULAR SPACES IT DIFFUSES WITH GASES PRESENT IN AIR AND REACHES TO US. 

• GASES ALSO EXERT PRESSURE ON THE CONTAINER IN WHICH THEY ARE KEPT. DUE TO LARGE INTERMOLECULAR SPACES, IT MOVES EASILY WITH GREATER SPEED AND HIT THE WALLS OF CONTAINER. 

• THE BELOW DIAGRAM  SHOWS ABOUT INTERMOLECULAR(IN BETWEEN MOLECULES) SPACES AND FORCES. 

• IN CASE OF SOLID, THERE ARE NO INTERMOLECULAR SPACES AND HENCE THE INTERMOLECULAR FORCES ARE STRONG. 

• IN CASE OF LIQUID, THERE ARE SOME INTERMOLECULAR SPACES AND HENCE THE INTERMOLECULAR FORCES ARE WEAKER THAN SOLID.

• IN CASE OF GAS, THERE ARE VERY LARGE INTERMOLECULAR SPACES AND HENCE THE INTERMOLECULAR FORCES ARE WEAKEST THAN SOLID AND LIQUID.

THANK YOU!! HOPE TO SEE YOU IN NEXT BLOG:)